%PDF-1.3 % 1 0 obj << /Length 9386 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS2 gs 0 0 0 1 k 27 737.158 549 22.865 re f /GS0 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 20 0 0 20 34.3208 741.5615 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.033 Tw [(Basic Ceramic T)92(erms: )]TJ 9 0 0 9 271.0392 741.5615 Tm (V)Tj 0.72289 0.00001 TD [(aldosta State Univ)55(. - Compiled by Michael T Schmidt SP\32508)]TJ ET /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 719.5615 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 Tc (Bat:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 51.3855 719.5615 Tm -0.0113 Tc 0.0278 Tw (In North America, 'bat' most often refers to a wood, plastic, or plaster disk which are used on the potters wheel. A bat is held)Tj -2.7095 -1.22222 TD -0.011 Tc 0.028 Tw [(in place by pins, an interlocking arrangement, or \322attached\323 using wet clay or slip. W)37(are can then be thrown on the bat and the)]TJ -0.0113 Tc 0.0278 Tw (whole thing removed to make another piece. In Europe the term 'bat' refers to kiln shelves (i.e. UK). Thus 'bat wash' is kiln wash.)' ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 675.5615 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Bisque, bisquit, bisque-ware: )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 172.1409 675.5615 Tm 0.0278 Tw (First firing of ware usually at a low temperature (012-04) to drive off water and harden ware)Tj -16.12677 -1.22222 TD (so as to facilitate glazing. )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 137.7335 664.5615 Tm 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(The practice of prefiring ware without glaze to make it impervious to water)74(, easy to handle, or vitrify)]TJ -12.30372 -1.22223 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0278 Tw (it. Glaze is then applied and it is fired again. )Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 217.4899 653.5615 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0333 Tw ('Low' bisque)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 281.024 653.5615 Tm 0.0278 Tw (firing is typical for pottery and ceramics while vitrified bisque is)Tj -28.22489 -1.22222 TD -0.0112 Tc (done for bone china and some types of stoneware. Low bisque should be fired as high as possible to burn away all carbonaceous)Tj 0 -1.22223 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(matter)74(, yet low enough to provide enough absorbency to make glaze application easy)55(. )]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 398.5521 631.5614 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0333 Tw ('High' bisque)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 464.0923 631.5614 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0278 Tw (firing is done to mature)Tj -48.56581 -1.22222 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw (the body (i.e. bone china) and subsequent firing is usually done to apply a low fire glaze. Such glazes must have special addi-)Tj T* [(tives to make them gel and stick to the ware (i.e. calcium chloride, gum); these glazes take much longer to dry)55(.)]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 587.5615 Tm -0.0068 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Coiling: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 69.9775 587.5615 Tm -0.0057 Tc 0.0278 Tw (A method of hand-building pottery in which the clay is rolled out into long, narrow ropes of clay that are placed one on)Tj -4.77528 -1.22222 TD -0.006 Tc 0.028 Tw [(top of another and joined to build up the form. Either the coils are left visible or the joints are smoothed over)74(.)]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 554.5615 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Dunting:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 73.9921 554.5615 Tm 0 Tc [(Cracking that occurs in ceramic ware that is cooled too quickly)55(. Dunting can exhibit itself as simple hairline cracks or)]TJ -5.22134 -1.22223 TD [(ware can fracture into pieces. W)37(are of uneven cross section, ware with glaze that fits poorly)55(, or large pieces \(i.e. large flat)]TJ T* [(plates\) are often subject to dunting. W)37(are with high amounts of cristobalite or quartz undergoes sudden volume changes when)]TJ 0 -1.22222 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (heated or cooled through the inversion temperatures of quartz.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 499.5614 Tm (Earthenware:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 95.9735 499.5614 Tm (A clay fired at low temperatures (cone 010-02) where it does not develop maturity (vitrify). Earthenwares are)Tj -7.66372 -1.22222 TD (porous and therefore not as strong as stonewares and porcelains (sintering is the primary particle bonding mechanism).)Tj (Earthenware glazes are usually very bright colored and if the glazes are properly fitted, earthenware can be quite strong and)' -0.0002 Tc (functional. )' ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 74.7352 466.5615 Tm 0 Tc 0.033 Tw [(T)92(erra Cotta)]TJ ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 131.4315 466.5615 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (is a special type of earthenware where red burning clay is used, )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 407.4337 466.5615 Tm (see terracotta.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 444.5615 Tm 0.0333 Tw (Engobe/Colored Slip: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 133.877 444.5615 Tm -0.0113 Tc 0.0278 Tw (A white or colored slip applied to clay as a coating or by slip trailing, usually at the leather hard stage.)Tj -11.87522 -1.22222 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw (Engobes are formulated with less clay content than slips. A slip shrinks with the ware as it dries. A engobe formulated for appli-)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (cation to dry or bisque ware cannot shrink excessively)' 25.7777 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (. Also, a higher percentage of flux in an engobe helps it to bond to the)Tj -25.7777 -1.22223 TD -0.0001 Tc (surface during firing. A slip, on the other hand, bonds to the surface during drying by the interlocking of the flat clay particles at)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD (the interface between the damp clay and wet slip.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 378.5615 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Firebrick:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 77.9735 378.5615 Tm 0 Tc 0.028 Tw (A brick capable of withstanding high temperatures without deforming. 'Insulating firebricks' (IFB) have the addition-)Tj -5.66372 -1.22222 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (al advantage of acting as good insulators due to the large pockets of air in the matrix of the brick. There are many different)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(kinds of firebricks available, some very expensive. T)74(ypes are categorized for their heat duty and the types of materials and)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (atmospheres they must come into contact with.)' ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 323.5615 Tm (Flashing:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 75.4928 323.5615 Tm (The impingement of flame on a piece in the kiln. Flashing causes \322discoloration\323 of the clay body)Tj 46.38522 0 TD (, colored slip or)Tj -51.77331 -1.22223 TD (glaze. Often a desired efect in vapor amosphere kilns, such as - Salt, soda and wood firing.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 290.5614 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Flux:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 55.4889 290.5614 Tm -0.0001 Tc (A substance that lowers the melting or softening temperature of the mix or compound in which it is present. The degree)Tj -3.16543 -1.22221 TD (of melting that occurs depends on the particle size of the powders present and the melting temperature of the individual parti)Tj 59.76639 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (-)Tj -59.76639 -1.22223 TD 0.028 Tw [(cles. It also depends on whether material particles present are premelted and whether they soften or melt suddenly)55(. Fluxing)]TJ 0 -1.22222 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (oxides are those of the RO group and include ones like K2O, Na2O, CaO, Li2O, MgO. B2O3 is actually considered a glass former)Tj (but it is also regarded as a flux by virtue of its low melting temperature.)' ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 224.5615 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Glaze:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 61.984 224.5615 Tm -0.0001 Tc (A thin glassy layer formed on the surface of fired ceramic. Glazes are a finely ground mixture of mineral and man-made)Tj -3.88711 -1.22222 TD (powders tuned to melt and flow at a specific temperature. Many clays will melt well at higher temperatures and thus qualify as)Tj 0 -1.22223 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [('slip' glazes. Glazes are normally mixed with water)74(, suspenders, and hardeners to make them harden on drying and produce a)]TJ 0 -1.22222 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (suitable consistency for application by painting, dipping, or spraying.)Tj (Glazes are often classified \(e.g. unleaded, raw)' 21.72237 0.00001 TD (, fritted\) to designate type within a specific industry or type of ceramic ware.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 158.5615 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Greenware: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 88.4955 158.5615 Tm -0.006 Tc 0.028 Tw [(Unfired clay)55(, from wet to bone dry)55(, typically greenware refers to clay which is dry and ready to be bisque fired.)]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 136.5615 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Grog: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 60.079 136.5615 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (A granular material made from crushed brick, refractory rock, or other pre-fired ceramic product. It is added to bodies to)Tj -3.67544 -1.22222 TD (reduce drying and firing shrinkage and thermal expansion, increase stability during firing, and to add texture.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 103.5615 Tm -0.0069 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Kiln: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 54.8566 103.5615 Tm -0.022 Tc 0.028 Tw [(A \322furnace\323 for firing clay work or pottery)55(, made of refractory & insulating materials, such as firebrick or thermal fiber blanket.)]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 81.5615 Tm -0.0068 Tc (Leather)Tj 3.91451 0.00001 TD 0.0333 Tw (-hard: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 95.8272 81.5615 Tm -0.0057 Tc 0.0278 Tw (Stage of the clay between plastic and bone dry)Tj 22.02139 0.00001 TD (. Refers to that state in the drying of a raw clay piece, when)Tj -29.66886 -1.22223 TD -0.006 Tc 0.028 Tw [(enough moisture has air)37(-dried so that the piece can be lifted without distortion and yet is damp enough to be worked further;)]TJ 0 -1.22222 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.0278 Tw (carved, burnished, joined, etc. For example, this is the stage handles are applied to mugs, or a bowl would be trimmed.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 2 0 obj << /SA false /OPM 1 /Type/ExtGState /OP false >> endobj 3 0 obj << /SA false /OPM 1 /Type/ExtGState /OP true >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Length 10829 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS2 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 749.5027 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Mature: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 70.5709 749.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (A term referring to the degree to which a clay or glaze has )Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 323.2993 749.5027 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (vitrified or melted )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 414.134 749.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (in the kiln. A 'mature' stoneware or)Tj -43.01489 -1.22223 TD (porcelain clay is normally one that is dense and strong, a 'mature' glaze flows well and heals imperfections to provide a good)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD (covering. Like the term 'vitrification' mature needs to be taken in context. A mature )Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 385.4603 727.5027 Tm (sintered)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 427.1992 727.5027 Tm 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(refractory)55(, for example is quite)]TJ -44.46658 -1.22222 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (porous and would be considered immature for other uses.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 694.5027 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Oxidation: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 83.0668 694.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (A firing where the atmosphere inside the kiln has sufficient supplies of oxygen to satisfy chemical reactions in the)Tj -6.22964 -1.22222 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(glaze and clay which use it. T)74(ypically)55(, electric kilns are synonymous with oxidation firing, however they often have "stagnant")]TJ 0 -1.22223 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (air flow and thus may fire to a more neutral atmosphere (direct-connected kiln vents improve this).)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 650.5027 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Oxide:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 62.9838 650.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc (An oxide is a molecule like K2O, Al2O3. They are the most basic form of matter that kiln temperatures can normally)Tj -3.9982 -1.22223 TD (decompose materials into. Thus for calculation purposes we view fired glazes and ceramic materials as made of oxides. An)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD (oxide is a combination of oxygen and another element (designated "R"), there are only about 12-15 common oxides that we)Tj (need to learn about. Each has specific effects on a fired glass. Glaze formulas compare relative oxide amounts. Oxides are)' 0 -1.22223 TD (divided into three categories that recognize their functions. There is a correlation between the amount of oxygen in each class)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD (and the contribution that class of oxide makes. Fluxes are designated RO, intermediates R2O3 and glass formers RO2.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 573.5026 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Plasticity: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 78.2563 573.5026 Tm 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(The quality of clay which allows it to be manipulated, worked or stretched into different shapes and hold it\325)74(s shape)]TJ -5.69514 -1.22223 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (without cracking or breaking, ie elastic or workable. )Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 540.5026 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Porcelain:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 80.4762 540.5026 Tm -0.0001 Tc (A clay body which, when fired, becomes very mature and usually translucent. Porcelain is normally quite white and)Tj -5.9418 -1.22222 TD (fires to a very smooth pleasant surface. Porcelain clays lack iron impurities and are ground to very fine particle sizes. Plastic)Tj (porcelain clays tend to be shorter than their stoneware or earthenware counterparts. Porcelain casting slips achieve the whitest)' 0 -1.22223 TD (and most translucent results.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 485.5027 Tm 0.0333 Tw (Pyrometric Cone: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 117.3536 485.5027 Tm 0.0278 Tw (A pyramid-shaped ceramic device used to quantify the amount of heat delivered by a kiln. These devices)Tj -10.03929 -1.22222 TD ((cones) are formulated from different mineral mixtures (clay and flux materials) and numbered accordingly)Tj 50.7987 0 TD (. Cones are chemical)Tj 9.86215 0 TD 0 Tc (-)Tj -60.66085 -1.22223 TD -0.0002 Tc (ly formulated to )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 98.2319 463.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc (ruse)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 119.4834 463.5027 Tm (and bend at a predetermined heat.They are placed in a kiln so they can be viewed \(or positioned in a Kiln)Tj -10.27593 -1.22222 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw (Setter\) during firing and when a cone begins to bend it is closely monitored and the firing is terminated when it reaches a spe-)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0278 Tw (cific position (temperature). )' ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 147.7165 441.5027 Tm 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(Or in some electric kilns it shuts off a kiln setter)74(.)]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 419.5027 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Raku: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 60.5843 419.5027 Tm -0.0057 Tc 0.0278 Tw (The raku process is an economical way of firing ware in reduction to achieve metallic and carbon effects. Normally ware)Tj -3.73159 -1.22222 TD 0.011 Tc 0.028 Tw [(i)17(s)17( )17(h)17(e)17(a)17(t)17(e)17(d)17( )17(in a kiln until the glaze is melted to the desired degree then it is removed with tongs and put into a container of)]TJ T* -0.006 Tc [(o)-17(r)-17(g)-17(a)-17(n)-17(i)-17(c)-17( )-17(o)-17(r)-17( )-17(c)-17(o)-17(m)-17(b)-17(u)-17(s)-17(t)-17(a)-17(b)-17(l)-17(e)-317(material \(i.e. sawdust, paper)74(, straw\) where it is cooled. The organic material burns and uses the avail-)]TJ -0.0057 Tc 0.0278 Tw (able oxygen in )' 7.22291 0 TD -0.0168 Tc (the container and the metallic effects develop. Because of the heat shock during heat-up most people bisque fire)Tj -7.22291 -1.22223 TD (ware before rakuing.)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD -0.0057 Tc (Raku ware is usually crazed and very porous and lacking in strength. Thus it is only suitable for decorative ware. Metallic effects)Tj -0.0001 Tc (that looked great out of the firing can tarnish and disappear with time and people have developed ways to preserve these with)' (various fixatives and surface treatments. )' ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 203.2427 342.5027 Tm (Raku:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 232.9889 342.5027 Tm (A Japanese word which loosely translates as \253enjoyment\253, and which strictly)Tj -22.88766 -1.22222 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(only refers to pottery by the potter who holds the Raku title. In the W)37(est, however)74(, the work has become associated with a par-)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (ticular technique which generally involves fast firing ware in the kiln, then carbonising the ware by removing them directly from)' (the hot kiln to a covered container of combustible material such as leaves, paper or sawdust - Post Fire Reduction.)' ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 287.5027 Tm 0.0333 Tw (Reduction, Reducing Atmosphere: )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 197.6511 287.5027 Tm -0.0057 Tc 0.0278 Tw (A kiln atmosphere which is deficient in free oxygen.)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 419.729 287.5027 Tm (This condition is accomplished in)Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 276.5027 Tm (gas kilns )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 66.5003 276.5027 Tm (by increasing back-pressure or )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 198.9488 276.5027 Tm (reducing the amount of primary air available to each burner)Tj 28.12417 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (.)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 457.2173 276.5027 Tm -0.0057 Tc (The result is an increase in)Tj -47.80192 -1.22223 TD -0.006 Tc 0.028 Tw (gases like carbon, hydrogen and CO. These are very aggressive in wanting to combine with oxygen. Hydrogen is small and par-)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.0278 Tw (ticularly oxygen-hungry and can thus steal it from within clay bodies and glazes. )Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 370.1083 254.5027 Tm -0.0068 Tc (Reduction)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 420.7625 254.5027 Tm -0.0057 Tc (firing produces different colors and)Tj -43.75139 -1.22222 TD (visual effects because metallic oxides willing to give up oxygen convert to their reduced or more metallic form. Good examples)Tj 0 -1.22223 TD -0.006 Tc 0.028 Tw [(are copper which b)-6(u)-6(r)-6(n)-6(s)-6( )-6(r)-6(e)-6(d)-6( )]TJ ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 146.8898 232.5026 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0278 Tw ((it fires green in oxidation))Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 263.1186 232.5026 Tm -0.0001 Tc (and iron which becomes a powerful flux and produces earthtone browns)Tj -26.2354 -1.22222 TD ((it is refractory in oxidation). Because almost all natural clays contain iron, )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 347.477 221.5027 Tm -0.0002 Tc (reduction)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 390.7166 221.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc (firing normally gives completely different)Tj -40.41296 -1.22222 TD (clay surface effects than oxidation.)Tj 0 -1.22223 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw (Many people do a period of oxidation at the end of a reduction firing to clean the atmosphere and soak the glaze to heal bub-)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (bles that result from the active volatilization (an accompanying bubble formation and surface disruption) that reduction induces.)Tj (In many cases color breaks in glazes are a result of localized reoxidation of the melt surface. The effect depends on glaze thick)' 59.99529 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (-)Tj -59.99529 -1.22223 TD 0.028 Tw [(ness and evenness of coverage. T)104(enmoku glazes are an example of this, the brown thinner areas are oxidized.)]TJ 0 -1.22222 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (It can be a challenge to reproduce the same effects in firing after firing using the )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 373.9546 155.5027 Tm -0.0002 Tc (reduction)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 417.1941 155.5027 Tm 0 Tc 0.028 Tw (process. Many people have devel-)Tj -43.3549 -1.22222 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (oped great skills in this area. However the oxygen probe is promising to revolutionize )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 396.4686 144.5027 Tm -0.0002 Tc (reduction)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 439.7082 144.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc (firing, especially for small scale)Tj -45.85646 -1.22223 TD (industry and hobby operations. It provides a direct measurement of the amount of reduction and enables one to more easily)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD (maintain the critical balance between oxidation and incomplete combustion. While these devices are quite expensive there are)Tj (very few people employing this process that are not at least planning to get one.)' ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 100.5026 Tm -0.0168 Tc (Reduction)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 71.2414 100.5026 Tm -0.017 Tc 0.028 Tw (firings are not without hazard. Any form of incomplete combustion can generate smoke and deadly gases. CO for exam-)Tj -4.91571 -1.22222 TD -0.0168 Tc 0.0278 Tw (ple, is deadly and is colorless and odorless. It is important that gas kilns be vented well and if possible that a CO alarm be installed.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 67.5026 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Refractory: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 87.0526 67.5026 Tm -0.017 Tc 0.028 Tw [(Resistance to heat.)-346(The ability of a material to withstand heat without deforming or melting. Kiln shelves and firebrick)]TJ -6.67251 -1.22222 TD [(are refractory)55(. Many clays and minerals are also refractory)55(. A fireclay with a PCE of 35 is said to be a super duty fireclay)54(.)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 1 0 0 1 -1000 1792 Tm 1 g 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET Q endstream endobj 5 0 obj << /Length 9964 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS2 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 749.5027 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0201 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Slip/Slurry - Suspension: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 143.1738 749.5027 Tm -0.0057 Tc 0.0278 Tw (A slip or slurry is a suspension of clay and mineral particles in a water medium. It is typically either: A)Tj -12.9082 -1.22223 TD -0.006 Tc 0.028 Tw [(glaze consisting primarily of clay ingredients. It is typically applied to wet or leatherhard clay)55(. Slip can be glossy or matte and a)]TJ 0 -1.22222 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.0278 Tw (variety of color or texture.)Tj T* 0.005 Tc 0.028 Tw (A clay slurry (casting slip) poured into molds to be cast into shapes. The slip is usually deflocculated to minimize water con-)Tj 0 -1.22223 TD [(tent and fine tune viscosity)55(. The deflocculation process involves using special chemicals (such as sodium silicate) that enable)]TJ 0 -1.22222 TD 0.0054 Tc 0.0278 Tw (the creation of a fluid clay-water slurry with a very low water content.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 672.5026 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Short: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 63.076 672.5026 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (Non-plastic; poor in working properties, cracks, crumbles or breaks.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 650.5027 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Slake: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 63.0738 650.5027 Tm -0.006 Tc 0.028 Tw [(T)103(o Moisten and break down dry clay with water)74(. T)74(ypically this is done to reconstitute dry clay and )]TJ ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 478.3121 650.5027 Tm -0.0057 Tc 0.0278 Tw (reclaim or recycle.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 628.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Soaking:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 74.4974 628.5027 Tm (The practice of holding the kiln at final firing temperature for a period of time. This is usually done to mature the)Tj -5.27749 -1.22222 TD (clay and give the glaze opportunity to flow and heal imperfections. The advent of electronic kiln controllers has made it possible)Tj 0 -1.22223 TD (for anyone to soak. Soaking is especially advantageous for glazes with a stiff melt (i.e. low temperature zirconia whites) and for)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(porcelains that require translucency)55(, density)55(, and glassy surfaces.)]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 573.5026 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Stoneware: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 88.0634 573.5026 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (A high fired ceramic material that is vitreous or semi-vitreous, not translucent, and often made of clays that are)Tj -6.78482 -1.22222 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw (not highly refined. Stonewares can be brown, buff, grey or white. Stonewares commonly have some speck and some particu-)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (late material such as sand or fine grog.)' ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 529.5027 Tm 0 Tc 0.033 Tw [(T)92(erra cotta: )]TJ ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 89.1464 529.5027 Tm 0.011 Tc 0.028 Tw [('T)103(erra Cotta' )]TJ ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 145.1125 529.5027 Tm 0.0278 Tw ((Italian for 'cooked earth'))Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 260.4934 529.5027 Tm (is red burning earthenware, generally unglazed. )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 472.7899 529.5027 Tm 0 Tw [(T)104(erracotta)]TJ ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 519.2016 529.5027 Tm 0.0278 Tw (is normally)Tj -54.68906 -1.22222 TD (used to make sculptures, tile, planters, garden and architectural ware. If ware is glazed the ware is often referred to as 'red)Tj 0 -1.22223 TD (earthenware' rather than the term 'terra cotta', )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 233.6305 507.5026 Tm (see earthenware. )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 496.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc (Red clays have more flux impurities and fire to a harder stronger matrix than white burning materials at the same temperature.)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD (Still, terra cotta bodies fire to a porous matrix at cone 06-04 and do not have anywhere near the mechanical strength of vitrified)Tj (stoneware bodies. Without significant additions of expensive frits it is impossible to vitrify a body at these temperatures.)' (However many terra cotta clays do develop rapidly after cone 04 and turn from red to brown in the process. It is possible to)' (produce fired ware that rivals stoneware in strength at cone 02-1, however few people do this because the clay is so volatile,)' (slight overfiring will produce warping or bloating. In addition to cost one of the primary advantages of the terra cotta process in)' (the warm red colors of the raw clay surface. In addition glazed low fired terra cotta remains red whereas at higher temperatures)' (the glaze matures the surface and turns it brown.)' (Some terra cotta pieces may be glazed on the inside. Because terra cotta ware is weak and porous it is very important that the)' (glaze and body thermal expansions match. The clay-glaze interface is not well developed \(the glaze is not stuck on as well as)' (stoneware\) so a measure of resistance to chipping and crazing can only be achieved by a well melted glaze of low enough ther)' 60.38323 0 TD 0 Tc (-)Tj -60.38323 -1.22223 TD -0.0001 Tc (mal expansion to resist crazing. In the past inexpensive lead compounds were used on terra cotta because they contributed)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(exactly these properties plus they gave very bright and vibrant colors. T)104(oday boron glazes are employed. While safer to use)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (they do not have the ideal set of properties that lead based compounds had.)' ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 342.5027 Tm -0.0202 Tc 0.0333 Tw ('Majolica' )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 74.7834 342.5027 Tm -0.0168 Tc 0.0278 Tw (refers to the use of a terra cotta clay with an opaque white glaze decorated with colored overglazes. T)Tj 46.56226 0 TD (oday red clays are)Tj -51.87153 -1.22223 TD (used in this process because they provide maximum strength at low fire. In the past white low fire materials were not available.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 309.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Thermal shock: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 107.1979 309.5027 Tm -0.0279 Tc 0.0278 Tw (Stresses imposed on a ceramic by the volume changes associated with sudden shifts in temperature. Ceramic)Tj -8.91088 -1.22222 TD (materials with good thermal shock resistance are able to withstand sudden temperature changes without cracking. Cracking usually)Tj (occurs when one part of an item is a different temperature than another part and therefore expanding or contracting at a different rate.)' -0.0112 Tc (Fired ceramic does not withstand thermal shock nearly as well as other materials like steel, plastic, wood, etc. Ceramic is hard and)' 0 -1.22223 TD -0.011 Tc 0.028 Tw [(resistant to abrasion but it is brittle and propagates cracks much more readily)55(.)]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 243.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Thixotropy: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 88.5775 243.5027 Tm 0.011 Tc 0.0278 Tw (Thixotropy refers to the way a slurry's viscosity changes with time and motion. A good casting slip is the prod)Tj 53.75301 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (-)Tj -60.59496 -1.22223 TD 0.011 Tc 0.028 Tw [(uct of maintaining the specific gravity)55(, viscosity and thixotropy)55(. It should have the required specific gravity)54(, be tuned to the)]TJ 0 -1.22222 TD 0.0278 Tw (needed viscosity yet gel after a set time to prevent sedimentation.)Tj -0.0001 Tc (Plastic clay is sometimes called )' ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 164.2501 210.5027 Tm -0.0002 Tc (thixotropic.)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 215.4855 210.5027 Tm -0.0001 Tc (This usually refers to material that is very elastic, can be pulled and twisted like)Tj -20.94283 -1.22223 TD 0 Tc 0.028 Tw [(taffy)55(, and does not set until left still for a time.)]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 177.5027 Tm (T)Tj 0.5752 0.00001 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0333 Tw (ooth: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 63.9439 177.5027 Tm 0.0165 Tc 0.0278 Tw (Roughness in a clay; course grain structure. Clays with high amounts of gorg, sand or course particls are said to)Tj -4.10488 -1.22223 TD (have tooth. The additon of grog often aids in the drying process and cuts down on shrinkage, )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 444.1313 166.5026 Tm (see grog.)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 144.5027 Tm 0 Tc (V)Tj 0.76001 0.00001 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0333 Tw (itreous, vitrification: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 139.6602 144.5027 Tm -0.0057 Tc ('V)Tj 0.91589 0.00001 TD 0.0278 Tw (itrification' is a process. As clay is fired hotter and hotter)Tj 26.46708 0.00001 TD (, it reaches a point where, if cooled, it will)Tj -39.90076 -1.22224 TD (produce ware of sufficient density and strength as to be useful for the intended purpose. The intended purpose may well require)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD (some porosity to gain another more important advantage (i.e. stability in the kiln, resistance to blistering). However 'vitreous')Tj T* -0.006 Tc 0.028 Tw [(ware is usually functional, water proof, sanitary)55(, hard, and strong. W)37(are that has fired dense and strong is said to be 'mature'.)]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 27 89.5027 Tm 0 Tc (W)Tj 0.98218 0.00001 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0333 Tw (edging: )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 77.9274 89.5027 Tm 0.0278 Tw (Freeing a clay of air and working a clay into a state of textural and moisture uniformity by an action of the heel of)Tj -5.6586 -1.22222 TD -0.0002 Tc (the hands and/or by cutting and pounding. )Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 212.7077 78.5027 Tm 0 Tc (W)Tj 0.95758 0.00001 TD -0.0057 Tc (edging)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 253.2203 78.5027 Tm (clay is similar in action to kneading bread dough. Clay tends to set up over)Tj -25.13559 -1.22223 TD (time and the process of wedging it loosens it up. It is not uncommon for the clay to soften dramatically on wedging, this is)Tj 0 -1.22222 TD (thought to occur because of of mobilization of water between the flat particles of clay and the disruption of a stable electrical)Tj -0.0001 Tc (charge pattern between water and clay that develops over time. W)' 31.62819 0.00001 TD -0.0002 Tc (edging also performs the function of lining up the flat clay)Tj -31.62819 -1.22223 TD -0.0001 Tc (particles concentric to the center of the mass allowing them to slip over each other more easily in that direction.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 6 0 obj << /Nums[0<>] >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Type/Encoding /Differences[32/space 45/hyphen/period 48/zero 56/eight 58/colon 66/B/C 77/M 80/P 83/S/T/U/V 97/a/b/c/d/e 104/h/i 108/l/m/n/o/p 114/r/s/t 118/v 121/y 213/quoteright] /BaseEncoding/MacRomanEncoding >> endobj 8 0 obj << /Length 2744 /Subtype/Type1C /Length1 2744 >> stream CZKATH+Univers-BlackObliqueK+  -k|e  o  S zCopyright (c) 1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. 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All rights reserved.Univers is a registered trademark of Linotype Company.Univers 75 BlackUnivers1#BUJTRVF CXSh-P)HI$MO%&5E4Q'DLY([,.WGN01Z3"K783uElw 9:=Upu  ilMv  B K t ( i  _Ӌ 0 & \SaTf,}f=+ܚf\ 0ec^fmYx NnbThvU%d|$93L1Cl5H>9gn5LJ%SJsW(XtfbDG܊׎K_O8Y$K 鶺g{{b| R u.yuqr_̘[ (RC?*^*H*H*`H*H*vwTSRR0ST-|FL>H Hl 'iJ2kp}fy{\H- rbO >$|z?vE,WLRM܆BkSF(C)ҼĶRROE5;;їۗ5E| "!wR/Rx2U R$-PRE˽d|"vzvwGiOJ `+ 13Y5]ÖD\jrVDž(ě͎~vXvpp   P|,awRKW|+ܔ/MJ}.8Fz|Β+MXe: -"F.RNt^hRvc c vw*f2<34f3:T-bv%%4RUUm^ R]057Mou8vW vW d w\ \f|WVWҜۜ6DDz6;;z1:MM:11MM1v w\\\f\]fZ@,WRR.=Mz===zɜٜ=MRMBnUE%6#&$ϣêRA|U7ww|D}E%'p󠼾ÓÎv! awR/RƗVZR;KYwY`Rf| l fftJBCu  uCBJfF[f7tݼfJvfwRfRfv!" R/RUUm^ RƗVZR8;KYwY`K N \fff77" C))$C- - ) \ - ) fv {\{\v  qvfwYf|,awWNR|?MfRfLL)H#ѧȥ.ޕ2HI|1==|Ε| w \Pf`f"B-)+*\?=Ik1F()[Ps]CYό\X(Z<;*,WD (VK|D|vo?vE,RLWRJR_l5'\J)AXpPesۗ/KK/;;˗dv < \ < f\d|{SW# +7JB/R͍˜R^XIF0Ш}P}wrvwwRfRfuW>gcArdvwNNr>.TH.K.o)=VK| % O f\mff$D" vE\fLCu#vv#uB6 '- f f  P vfw\)\f\(vfwCC3H=Cf} }fdvw-RE!(^Sbv  R É iii?_K<+ v!" 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All rights reserved.Univers is a registered trademark of Linotype Company.Univers 55UniversF*O/PSUI"NFJDB hCTGXEQMLVZHiw8W& 6, 5[(R-4K$%Y'#03.1+})7H\]dG pWjHz B  - z F % L 3 -1VIe$YvfwQf'fdvP|wK.ۮ^85/hYEqLkvfw&fffd|9600990069*1 f1fv;<P FKhF},| DHsu|w|io,m dvPawMŨ䉢R3bBUqSg,fӠvPTwSPPf fvP8I.͖ΨÚO4ɝ˛=FDARkMgqS,XMsLm-|G)}D*3A'(5 'BfnA*gݺJ7vw#O,0*|y0c;!3A'(5,CdbL0h Pϩ_L-|URE\2.v*S`ؠŎ b!)^æʪAtutv %$(5dX4HvbXd|Uawe-h$ p$-DEr)E0KLtOn,Hwmm*|1T4XߋJRuSQaɉ'[ )6Xg5ô¼vK ,0!\"ѠvH)eHˆtutD8n+)IHKvwi  ( ($:1 1Ed|X$aw.0-p  hJnLK0F)ͤѭT@ ,d?vEe-h$!p$-OWwIE!Ee>1^!)7F]FӋP&bbMKHHK`MboUb&&'5΍ҐŰλ["QDH-vw QQP["]#]Y-|W[jg**g[[g**jg[5N25QQN-vHwH'go#Kq~&ť-nЍ ׽ʢދ6 0;͇ѴhCWzhlc5&/)+0L-vwGw@fn8Wz,,Hz,26קX.ҟ f;i22Ki>;|Vg9uu9gg"9uu"9g.KK.*a KKa *vt<L9YRRrY9"5jgPJ`\`qσ؀Ӏ4ߟ# fvf;`dGf{{-|r-,ix CFdFEQЍ"H &O0l֙ E ̍q>#'v7|YvgEw)`^ShH>=ܾǸnj^vZdQ^boi#?9ߜ"88bBECз ',(.^KT`7OGM< ֥vbX-|+4Hy0ҡܭCE1MQ̉"R!#?hHhz^[ivqHqdv|+2|1  -wwYf'3YlRRY"Cv$NJf9$ $ӠvwRf''f `Y    -|;/0qٿG6:`L43_<EUjUn58ȶmL1 hYfC@9]-v%aw3{7{% a%a5%vfw flk'ffvfwsf|fCendstream endobj 17 0 obj << /Flags 32 /Descent -192 /FontFile3 16 0 R /Ascent 722 /ItalicAngle 0 /XHeight 737 /StemV 100 /FontName/ZRTPLJ+Univers /Type/FontDescriptor /StemH 0 /CapHeight 692 /FontBBox[-165 -234 1000 977] >> endobj 18 0 obj << /FontDescriptor 17 0 R /Subtype/Type1 /Type/Font /Encoding 15 0 R /LastChar 213 /FirstChar 32 /BaseFont/ZRTPLJ+Univers /Name/F2 /Widths[278 0 400 0 0 0 778 278 333 333 0 0 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 0 0 0 278 278 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 778 722 278 556 667 556 944 778 778 611 0 667 667 611 778 667 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 611 500 611 556 333 611 611 278 278 500 278 944 611 611 611 611 389 500 333 611 556 833 556 556 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 556 0 278] >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Type/Encoding /Differences[32/space 39/quotesingle/parenleft/parenright 45/hyphen/period 48/zero/one/two 52/four 65/A 70/F 73/I 79/O 82/R 84/T 87/W 97/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i 107/k/l/m/n/o/p 114/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z] /BaseEncoding/MacRomanEncoding >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Length 3049 /Subtype/Type1C /Length1 3049 >> stream GIARKL+Univers-ObliqueK+  9~|e  o  Z zCopyright (c) 1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. 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